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RCR新文：資源多生命周期循環(huán)系統(tǒng)的環(huán)境績(jī)效分析 ——以中國(guó)廢塑料瓶為例

文章導(dǎo)讀

再生資源利用規(guī)模的不斷擴(kuò)大使得資源存在了多生命周期循環(huán)的可能，循環(huán)系統(tǒng)變的更為復(fù)雜。其一，如金屬等資源可進(jìn)行無限次循環(huán)，這使得資源供給具有乘數(shù)效應(yīng)，可極大提升資源供給數(shù)量。其二，再生資源對(duì)原生資源的替代過程具有級(jí)聯(lián)效應(yīng)，資源前一個(gè)生命周期制備的產(chǎn)品將直接對(duì)后續(xù)循環(huán)過程產(chǎn)生較大影響。

    塑料的多生命周期設(shè)計(jì)已成為了一個(gè)新的發(fā)展方向。中國(guó)是廢塑料產(chǎn)生大國(guó)，尤其是廢塑料飲料瓶（PET）。目前中國(guó)僅有少部分的廢PET瓶重新進(jìn)入正規(guī)回收利用渠道，PET循環(huán)系統(tǒng)的綜合績(jī)效仍存在較大提升空間。如何通過政策設(shè)計(jì)，提升中國(guó)廢PET瓶多生命周期過程的環(huán)境績(jī)效，仍處于探索之中。

    有鑒于此，本文集成生命周期評(píng)價(jià)、物質(zhì)流分析及環(huán)境價(jià)值核算法，構(gòu)建多生命周期循環(huán)系統(tǒng)環(huán)境績(jī)效核算模型，核算中國(guó)廢PET瓶循環(huán)系統(tǒng)的環(huán)境總績(jī)效，模擬押金制、再生資源推廣使用、強(qiáng)化環(huán)境監(jiān)督等多種制度實(shí)施對(duì)該系統(tǒng)績(jī)效的影響效果，提出了中國(guó)廢PET瓶循環(huán)系統(tǒng)的優(yōu)化策略。

文章亮點(diǎn)

（1）建立了多生命周期循環(huán)系統(tǒng)的環(huán)境績(jī)效核算模型；

（2）基于PET瓶多生命周期循環(huán)的研究視角，政策實(shí)施效果發(fā)生了較大變化；

（3）構(gòu)建了適配中國(guó)長(zhǎng)期減排目標(biāo)的政策組合方案；

（4）建議面向資源多生命周期循環(huán)系統(tǒng)，構(gòu)建一個(gè)跨越多部門的頂層管理機(jī)構(gòu)。

資源多生命周期（MLC）循環(huán)過程是一個(gè)閉環(huán)與開環(huán)循環(huán)相互交織的復(fù)雜系統(tǒng)，近年來得到了廣泛的關(guān)注。資源多生命周期循環(huán)過程具有級(jí)聯(lián)效應(yīng)，任意一個(gè)循環(huán)周期均會(huì)對(duì)下一個(gè)循環(huán)周期產(chǎn)生影響，并最終影響社會(huì)系統(tǒng)整體環(huán)境績(jī)效。政策會(huì)影響到資源多生命周期循環(huán)流向，如何通過政策設(shè)計(jì)，最大限度地發(fā)揮資源多生命周期循環(huán)的減排效果仍處于探索之中。

    本文以中國(guó)廢塑料飲料瓶（PET）的多生命周期循環(huán)為例，構(gòu)建了中國(guó)廢PET瓶循環(huán)系統(tǒng)環(huán)境績(jī)效核算方法，模擬了押金制、再生資源推廣使用、強(qiáng)化環(huán)境監(jiān)管等多種政策的實(shí)施對(duì)PET瓶循環(huán)系統(tǒng)的整體影響。選取優(yōu)勢(shì)策略構(gòu)建了政策組合情景，可有效發(fā)揮各類政策情景優(yōu)勢(shì)，在2020-2040年間政策組合情景的環(huán)境績(jī)效損失值僅為無政策支持情景的52.52%，廢水、廢氣、固廢的累積減排量則分別達(dá)到了98萬噸、361萬噸及3.41億噸，可有力助推中國(guó)達(dá)到各五年計(jì)劃的減排目標(biāo)。

    為實(shí)現(xiàn)政策組合情景，本文建議加快推動(dòng)生命周期評(píng)價(jià)（LCA）方法向多生命周期評(píng)價(jià)（MLCA）轉(zhuǎn)變，盡量準(zhǔn)確核算再生過程的資源節(jié)約與環(huán)境減排效果；以多生命周期過程的環(huán)境經(jīng)濟(jì)綜合效益最大化為目標(biāo)，加快構(gòu)建橫跨多部門的自然資源頂層管理機(jī)構(gòu)。

原文信息

Abstract

Resource multiple-life-cycle (MLC) recycling process is a complex system with closed-loop and open-loop recycling interwoven with each other, which has recieved vast attention in recent years. Resource MLC recycling has a cascading effect, one recycling process will have an impact on the next cycle, and ultimately affect the overall environmental performance of the social system. Policies will affect the flow of resource MLC recycling. How to maximize the emission reduction effect of resource MLC recycling through policy design is still under exploration. Employing MLC recycling of China's waste PET bottles as an example, this paper constructs an environmental performance accounting method based on MLCA, and simulates the overall impact of various policies such as implementing deposit system, promoting recycled materials, strenghtening environmental regulation and enhancing regeneration technology on the recycling system of PET bottles. The combined policy scenario is constructed by selecting advantageous strategies that can effectively give full play to the strengths of each policy scenario. From 2020 to 2040, the environmental performance loss value of the combined policy scenario will be 52.52% of the baseline scenario without policy support, and the cumulative emission reductions of wastewater, waste gas and solid waste will be 0.98, 3.61 and 341.39 million tonnes respectively, which can help China to achieve emission reduction targets set out in each five-year plan. In order to realize the combined policy scenario, it is suggested that the life cycle assessment (LCA) should be replaced by multiple life cycle assessment (MLCA), the effect of resource saving and environmental emission reduction in the recycling process should be accounted as accurately as possible, a top-level management organization of natural resources across multiple departments should be established as soon as possible, with the goal of maximizing the comprehensive environmental and economic benefits of MLC processes.

（來源：RCR期刊）